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  1. ; ; ; ; ; ; (, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems)
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  2. ; ; (, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems)
    Abstract The Gent–McWilliams parameterization is commonly used in global ocean models to model the advective component of tracer transport effected by unresolved mesoscale eddies. The vertical structure of the transfer coefficient in this parameterization is studied using data from a 0.1° resolution global ocean‐ice simulation. The vertical structure is found to be well approximated by a baroclinic mode structure with no flow at the bottom, though horizontal anisotropy is crucial for obtaining a good fit. This vertical structure is motivated by reference to the vertical structure of mesoscale eddy velocity and density anomalies, which are also diagnosed from the data. 
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  3. ; ; ; ; ; (, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems)
    Abstract Unresolved temperature and salinity fluctuations interact with a nonlinear seawater equation of state to produce significant errors in the ocean model evaluation of the large‐scale density field. It is shown that the impact of temperature fluctuations dominates the impact of salinity fluctuations and that the error in density is, to leading order, proportional to the product of a subgrid‐scale temperature variance and a second derivative of the equation of state. Two parameterizations are proposed to correct the large‐scale density field: one deterministic and one stochastic. Free parameters in both parameterizations are fit using fine‐resolution model data. Both parameterizations are computationally efficient as they require only one additional evaluation of a nonlinear equation at each grid cell. A companion paper will discuss the climate impacts of the parameterizations proposed here. 
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